Modern imaging of acute pulmonary embolism
C.M.M. de Jong a); L.J.M. Kroft b); T.E. van Mens a); M.V. Huisman a); J.L. Stöger b); F.A. Klok a) *
a) Department of Medicine – Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
b) Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
The first-choice imaging test for visualization of thromboemboli in the pulmonary vasculature in patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) – a readily available and widely used imaging technique. Through technological advancements over the past years, alternative imaging techniques for the diagnosis of PE have become available, whilst others are still under investigation. In particular, the evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to enable further innovation in diagnostic management of PE. In this narrative review, current CTPA techniques and the emerging technology photon-counting CT (PCCT), as well as other modern imaging techniques of acute PE are discussed, including CTPA with iodine maps based on subtraction or dual-energy acquisition, single-photon emission CT (SPECT), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging (MRDTI). Furthermore, potential applications of AI are discussed.